Creatine - De 11 grootste fabels

Creatine - De 11 grootste fabels

Creatine is één van de meest verkochte en gebruikte supplementen onder sporters. En dat is niets voor niets, want de positieve effecten van creatine op prestaties en specifiek ook sportprestaties, staan onomstotelijk vast. Maar er zijn ook veel fabels en onjuiste veronderstellingen over creatine. In dit artikel bespreken we nog even kort wat creatine ook alweer is èn we sommen de elf grootste fabels omtrent creatine op.

  1. Creatine verhoogt de kans op nierproblemen - Er is geen bewijs dat creatine de kans op nierproblemen verhoogt bij gezonde personen die het volgens de aanbevolen dosering innemen. Sommige studies hebben aangetoond dat creatine nierfunctie kan verbeteren of geen significant effect heeft.

  2. Creatine is slecht voor het hart - Er is geen bewijs dat creatine het hart schaadt en sommige studies suggereren zelfs dat het een beschermend effect op het hart kan hebben.

  3. Creatine maakt je dik- Creatine helpt bij het vergroten van de spiermassa, wat kan leiden tot een toename van het totale lichaamsgewicht, maar dit is geen vet. Creatine zorgt er hooguit voor dat je wat extra vocht vast houdt.

  4. Creatine is slecht voor je lever - Er is geen bewijs dat creatine de lever functie negatief beïnvloedt bij gezonde personen die het volgens de aanbevolen dosering innemen.

  5. Creatine is gevaarlijk - Creatine is een van de meest onderzochte supplementen en er is geen bewijs dat het gevaarlijk is wanneer het wordt genomen volgens de aanbevolen doseringen.

  6. Creatine is alleen nuttig voor bodybuilders - Creatine kan nuttig zijn voor verschillende soorten atleten, niet alleen bodybuilders, om hun spierkracht en uithoudingsvermogen te verbeteren.

  7. Creatine vermindert de kwaliteit van training - Er is geen bewijs dat creatine de kwaliteit van training vermindert, integendeel, sommige studies suggereren dat het de trainingsprestaties kan verbeteren.

  8. Creatine moet worden gebruikt met een speciale cyclus - Er is geen noodzaak om een speciale cyclus te volgen wanneer je creatine gebruikt, het kan veilig en effectief zijn wanneer het op lange termijn wordt gebruikt volgens de aanbevolen dosering.

  9. Creatine is alleen nuttig voor mannen - Creatine kan nuttig zijn voor zowel mannen als vrouwen die op zoek zijn naar verbetering van hun spierkracht en uithoudingsvermogen.

  10. Creatine verandert het lichaamszout- en waterbalans - Er is geen bewijs dat creatine een significant effect heeft op het lichaamszout- en waterbalans.

  11. Van creatine word je kaal - Er is geen bewijs dat creatine haaruitval veroorzaakt. Haaruitval kan door verschillende factoren worden veroorzaakt, waaronder genetische aanleg, hormonale veranderingen en veroudering, maar er is geen bewijs dat creatine daar een rol in speelt.

Lees ook onze andere blogs over creatine: 10 redenen waarom je creatine zou moeten nemen en Creatine | Welke soorten creatine zijn er en welke voordelen heb je ervan?

>> Creatine Monohydraat

creatine-monohydraat

>> Creatine Beargymmies

creatine-beargymmies

Creatine onderzoek en bronnen

Er is in de loop der jaren zeer veel onderzoek gedaan naar creatine. Ben je geïnteresseerd om er meer over lezen? Check onderstaand 600 links over creatine.

3.^Kent Sahlin, Roger C HarrisThe creatine kinase reaction: a simple reaction with functional complexityAmino Acids.(2011 May)
5.^R C Harris, J A Lowe, K Warnes, C E OrmeThe concentration of creatine in meat, offal and commercial dog foodRes Vet Sci.(Jan-Feb 1997)
6.^Watanabe A, Kato N, Kato TEffects of creatine on mental fatigue and cerebral hemoglobin oxygenationNeurosci Res.(2002 Apr)
7.^McMorris T, Harris RC, Swain J, Corbett J, Collard K, Dyson RJ, Dye L, Hodgson C, Draper NEffect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisolPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2006 Mar)
9.^McMorris T, Mielcarz G, Harris RC, Swain JP, Howard ACreatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individualsNeuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn.(2007 Sep)
10.^Kutz MR, Gunter MJCreatine monohydrate supplementation on body weight and percent body fatJ Strength Cond Res.(2003 Nov)
12.^Darrabie MD, Arciniegas AJ, Mishra R, Bowles DE, Jacobs DO, Santacruz LAMPK and substrate availability regulate creatine transport in cultured cardiomyocytesAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2011 May)
16.^Harris RC, Lowe JA, Warnes K, Orme CEThe concentration of creatine in meat, offal and commercial dog foodRes Vet Sci.(1997 Jan-Feb)
17.^Jenness RThe composition of human milkSemin Perinatol.(1979 Jul)
20.^Deldicque L, Décombaz J, Zbinden Foncea H, Vuichoud J, Poortmans JR, Francaux MKinetics of creatine ingested as a food ingredientEur J Appl Physiol.(2008 Jan)
21.^Yaylayan VA, Locas CP, Wnorowski A, O’Brien JThe role of creatine in the generation of N-methylacrylamide: a new toxicant in cooked meatJ Agric Food Chem.(2004 Aug 25)
23.^Mora L, Sentandreu MA, Toldrá FEffect of cooking conditions on creatinine formation in cooked hamJ Agric Food Chem.(2008 Dec 10)
26.^Melo A, Viegas O, Petisca C, Pinho O, Ferreira IMEffect of beer/red wine marinades on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in pan-fried beefJ Agric Food Chem.(2008 Nov 26)
29.^Terjung RL, Clarkson P, Eichner ER, Greenhaff PL, Hespel PJ, Israel RG, Kraemer WJ, Meyer RA, Spriet LL, Tarnopolsky MA, Wagenmakers AJ, Williams MHAmerican College of Sports Medicine roundtable. The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementationMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2000 Mar)
30.^Guzun R, Timohhina N, Tepp K, Gonzalez-Granillo M, Shevchuk I, Chekulayev V, Kuznetsov AV, Kaambre T, Saks VASystems bioenergetics of creatine kinase networks: physiological roles of creatine and phosphocreatine in regulation of cardiac cell functionAmino Acids.(2011 May)
32.^Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann TMitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and diseaseBiochim Biophys Acta.(2006 Feb)
33.^Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk RCreatine and creatinine metabolismPhysiol Rev.(2000 Jul)
34.^Gruetter RGlycogen: the forgotten cerebral energy storeJ Neurosci Res.(2003 Oct 15)
36.^Edvardson S, Korman SH, Livne A, Shaag A, Saada A, Nalbandian R, Allouche-Arnon H, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull Rl-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) deficiency: clinical presentation and response to treatment in two patients with a novel mutationMol Genet Metab.(2010 Oct-Nov)
39.^Nasrallah F, Kraoua I, Curt MJ, Bout MA, Taieb SH, Feki M, Khouja N, Briand G, Kaabachi NGuanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency in two Tunisian siblings: clinical and biochemical featuresClin Lab.(2012)
43.^Brosnan JT, da Silva RP, Brosnan METhe metabolic burden of creatine synthesisAmino Acids.(2011 May)
44.^Mudd SH, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Jacobs RL, Stabler SP, Allen RH, Vance DE, Wagner CMethyl balance and transmethylation fluxes in humansAm J Clin Nutr.(2007 Jan)
45.^Deminice R, Vannucchi H, Simões-Ambrosio LM, Jordao AACreatine supplementation reduces increased homocysteine concentration induced by acute exercise in ratsEur J Appl Physiol.(2011 Nov)
46.^McMorris T, Mielcarz G, Harris RC, Swain JP, Howard ACreatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individualsNeuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn.(2007 Sep)
47.^Wallimann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Schlattner UThe creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatineAmino Acids.(2011 May)
51.^Saks VA, Kuznetsov AV, Vendelin M, Guerrero K, Kay L, Seppet EKFunctional coupling as a basic mechanism of feedback regulation of cardiac energy metabolismMol Cell Biochem.(2004 Jan-Feb)
52.^Chance B, Im J, Nioka S, Kushmerick MSkeletal muscle energetics with PNMR: personal views and historic perspectivesNMR Biomed.(2006 Nov)
53.^Wallimann T, Dolder M, Schlattner U, Eder M, Hornemann T, O’Gorman E, Rück A, Brdiczka DSome new aspects of creatine kinase (CK): compartmentation, structure, function and regulation for cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics and physiologyBiofactors.(1998)
54.^McCall W, Persky AMPharmacokinetics of creatineSubcell Biochem.(2007)
56.^Wyss M, Braissant O, Pischel I, Salomons GS, Schulze A, Stockler S, Wallimann TCreatine and creatine kinase in health and disease--a bright future aheadSubcell Biochem.(2007)
57.^Brosnan JT, Brosnan MECreatine: endogenous metabolite, dietary, and therapeutic supplementAnnu Rev Nutr.(2007)
58.^Rambo LM, Ribeiro LR, Della-Pace ID, Stamm DN, da Rosa Gerbatin R, Prigol M, Pinton S, Nogueira CW, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fighera MR, Royes LFAcute creatine administration improves mitochondrial membrane potential and protects against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizuresAmino Acids.(2012 Oct 12)
60.^Lenz H, Schmidt M, Welge V, Kueper T, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Elsässer HP, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Staeb F, Blatt TInhibition of cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase by siRNA in HaCaT- and HeLaS3-cells affects cell viability and mitochondrial morphologyMol Cell Biochem.(2007 Dec)
61.^Black HR, Quallich H, Gareleck CBRacial differences in serum creatine kinase levelsAm J Med.(1986 Sep)
63.^Wong ET, Cobb C, Umehara MK, Wolff GA, Haywood LJ, Greenberg T, Shaw ST JrHeterogeneity of serum creatine kinase activity among racial and gender groups of the populationAm J Clin Pathol.(1983 May)
64.^Gledhill RF, Van der Merwe CA, Greyling M, Van Niekerk MMRace-gender differences in serum creatine kinase activity: a study among South AfricansJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.(1988 Feb)
65.^Nasrallah F, Feki M, Kaabachi NCreatine and creatine deficiency syndromes: biochemical and clinical aspectsPediatr Neurol.(2010 Mar)
66.^Delanghe J, De Slypere JP, De Buyzere M, Robbrecht J, Wieme R, Vermeulen ANormal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetariansClin Chem.(1989 Aug)
67.^Venderley AM, Campbell WWVegetarian diets : nutritional considerations for athletesSports Med.(2006)
72.^Dash AK, Mo Y, Pyne ASolid-state properties of creatine monohydrateJ Pharm Sci.(2002 Mar)
74.^Sakata Y, Shiraishi S, Otsuka MEffect of pulverization on hydration kinetic behaviors of creatine anhydrate powdersColloids Surf B Biointerfaces.(2004 Dec 25)
76.^Jäger R, Purpura M, Shao A, Inoue T, Kreider RBAnalysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatineAmino Acids.(2011 May)
77.^Astorino TA, Marrocco AC, Gross SM, Johnson DL, Brazil CM, Icenhower ME, Kneessi RJIs running performance enhanced with creatine serum ingestionJ Strength Cond Res.(2005 Nov)
79.^Jagim AR, Oliver JM, Sanchez A, Galvan E, Fluckey J, Riechman S, Greenwood M, Kelly K, Meininger C, Rasmussen C, Kreider RBA buffered form of creatine does not promote greater changes in muscle creatine content, body composition, or training adaptations than creatine monohydrateJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2012 Sep 13)
80.^Spillane M, Schoch R, Cooke M, Harvey T, Greenwood M, Kreider R, Willoughby DSThe effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levelsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Feb 19)
81.^Velema MS, de Ronde WElevated plasma creatinine due to creatine ethyl ester useNeth J Med.(2011 Feb)
82.^Giese MW, Lecher CSNon-enzymatic cyclization of creatine ethyl ester to creatinineBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2009 Oct 16)
83.^Katseres NS, Reading DW, Shayya L, Dicesare JC, Purser GHNon-enzymatic hydrolysis of creatine ethyl esterBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2009 Aug 21)
85.^Adriano E, Garbati P, Damonte G, Salis A, Armirotti A, Balestrino MSearching for a therapy of creatine transporter deficiency: some effects of creatine ethyl ester in brain slices in vitroNeuroscience.(2011 Dec 29)
86.^Selsby JT, DiSilvestro RA, Devor STMg2+-creatine chelate and a low-dose creatine supplementation regimen improve exercise performanceJ Strength Cond Res.(2004 May)
87.^Balsom PD, Söderlund K, Sjödin B, Ekblom BSkeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementationActa Physiol Scand.(1995 Jul)
88.^Brilla LR, Giroux MS, Taylor A, Knutzen KMMagnesium-creatine supplementation effects on body waterMetabolism.(2003 Sep)
89.^Silber MLScientific facts behind creatine monohydrate as sport nutrition supplementJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(1999 Sep)
90.^Galvan E, Walker DK, Simbo SY, Dalton R, Levers K, O'Connor A, Goodenough C, Barringer ND, Greenwood M, Rasmussen C, Smith SB, Riechman SE, Fluckey JD, Murano PS, Earnest CP, Kreider RBAcute and chronic safety and efficacy of dose dependent creatine nitrate supplementation and exercise performanceJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2016 Mar 31)
91.^Jäger R, Harris RC, Purpura M, Francaux MComparison of new forms of creatine in raising plasma creatine levelsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2007 Nov 12)
93.^Horecký J, Gvozdjáková A, Kucharská J, Obrenovich ME, Palacios HH, Li Y, Vančová O, Aliev GEffects of coenzyme Q and creatine supplementation on brain energy metabolism in rats exposed to chronic cerebral hypoperfusionCurr Alzheimer Res.(2011 Dec)
94.^Graef JL, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Fukuda DH, Moon JR, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JRThe effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2009 Nov 12)
95.^Smith AE, Fukuda DH, Ryan ED, Kendall KL, Cramer JT, Stout JErgolytic/ergogenic effects of creatine on aerobic powerInt J Sports Med.(2011 Dec)
96.^Smith AE, Walter AA, Herda TJ, Ryan ED, Moon JR, Cramer JT, Stout JREffects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged womenJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2007 Nov 26)
97.^Jäger R, Metzger J, Lautmann K, Shushakov V, Purpura M, Geiss KR, Maassen NThe effects of creatine pyruvate and creatine citrate on performance during high intensity exerciseJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2008 Feb 13)
100.^Neta ER, Johanningsmeier SD, Drake MA, McFeeters RFEffects of pH adjustment and sodium ions on sour taste intensity of organic acidsJ Food Sci.(2009 May-Jul)
101.^Incledon T, Kreider RBCreatine alpha-ketoglutarate is experimentally unprovenJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2000 Dec)
102.^Herda TJ, Beck TW, Ryan ED, Smith AE, Walter AA, Hartman MJ, Stout JR, Cramer JTEffects of creatine monohydrate and polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength, endurance, and power outputJ Strength Cond Res.(2009 May)
103.^Camic CL, Hendrix CR, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, Mielke M, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ, Housh DJThe effects of polyethylene glycosylated creatine supplementation on muscular strength and powerJ Strength Cond Res.(2010 Dec)
104.^Mulvaney PT, Stracke ML, Nam SW, Woodhouse E, O’Keefe M, Clair T, Liotta LA, Khaddurah-Daouk R, Schiffmann ECyclocreatine inhibits stimulated motility in tumor cells possessing creatine kinaseInt J Cancer.(1998 Sep 25)
105.^Kurosawa Y, Degrauw TJ, Lindquist DM, Blanco VM, Pyne-Geithman GJ, Daikoku T, Chambers JB, Benoit SC, Clark JFCyclocreatine treatment improves cognition in mice with creatine transporter deficiencyJ Clin Invest.(2012 Aug 1)
109.^Maril N, Degani H, Rushkin E, Sherry AD, Cohn MKinetics of cyclocreatine and Na(+) cotransport in human breast cancer cells: mechanism of activityAm J Physiol.(1999 Oct)
112.^Kornacker M, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Verneris MR, Negrin RS, Kornacker B, Staratschek-Jox A, Diehl V, Wolf JHodgkin disease-derived cell lines expressing ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase show growth inhibition by cyclocreatine treatment independent of apoptosisInt J Cancer.(2001 Nov)
115.^Häussinger D, Lang FCell volume and hormone actionTrends Pharmacol Sci.(1992 Oct)
116.^vom Dahl S, Hallbrucker C, Lang F, Häussinger DRegulation of cell volume in the perfused rat liver by hormonesBiochem J.(1991 Nov 15)
117.^Häussinger D, Roth E, Lang F, Gerok WCellular hydration state: an important determinant of protein catabolism in health and diseaseLancet.(1993 May 22)
118.^Oliveira CM, Kubrusly M, Mota RS, Silva CA, Choukroun G, Oliveira VNThe phase angle and mass body cell as markers of nutritional status in hemodialysis patientsJ Ren Nutr.(2010 Sep)
120.^Low SY, Rennie MJ, Taylor PMModulation of glycogen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle by changes in cell volumeJ Physiol.(1996 Sep 1)
121.^Tilly BC, Gaestel M, Engel K, Edixhoven MJ, de Jonge HRHypo-osmotic cell swelling activates the p38 MAP kinase signalling cascadeFEBS Lett.(1996 Oct 21)
122.^Niisato N, Post M, Van Driessche W, Marunaka YCell swelling activates stress-activated protein kinases, p38 MAP kinase and JNK, in renal epithelial A6 cellsBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(1999 Dec 20)
124.^de Angelis L, Zhao J, Andreucci JJ, Olson EN, Cossu G, McDermott JCRegulation of vertebrate myotome development by the p38 MAP kinase-MEF2 signaling pathwayDev Biol.(2005 Jul 1)
125.^Dionyssiou MG, Nowacki NB, Hashemi S, Zhao J, Kerr A, Tsushima RG, McDermott JCCross-talk between glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and p38MAPK regulates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) activity in skeletal and cardiac muscleJ Mol Cell Cardiol.(2013 Jan)
126.^Alfieri RR, Bonelli MA, Cavazzoni A, Brigotti M, Fumarola C, Sestili P, Mozzoni P, De Palma G, Mutti A, Carnicelli D, Vacondio F, Silva C, Borghetti AF, Wheeler KP, Petronini PGCreatine as a compatible osmolyte in muscle cells exposed to hypertonic stressJ Physiol.(2006 Oct 15)
127.^Tokarska-Schlattner M, Epand RF, Meiler F, Zandomeneghi G, Neumann D, Widmer HR, Meier BH, Epand RM, Saks V, Wallimann T, Schlattner UPhosphocreatine interacts with phospholipids, affects membrane properties and exerts membrane-protective effects.PLoS One.(2012)
129.^Martin KJ, Vassallo CD, Teicher BA, Kaddurah-Daouk RMicrotubule stabilization and potentiation of taxol activity by the creatine analog cyclocreatinePLoS One.(1995 Jun)
130.^Stead LM, Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME, Vance DE, Jacobs RLIs it time to reevaluate methyl balance in humansAm J Clin Nutr.(2006 Jan)
131.^Edison EE, Brosnan ME, Meyer C, Brosnan JTCreatine synthesis: production of guanidinoacetate by the rat and human kidney in vivoAm J Physiol Renal Physiol.(2007 Dec)
132.^Deminice R, Portari GV, Vannucchi H, Jordao AAEffects of creatine supplementation on homocysteine levels and lipid peroxidation in ratsBr J Nutr.(2009 Jul)
133.^Deminice R, da Silva RP, Lamarre SG, Brown C, Furey GN, McCarter SA, Jordao AA, Kelly KB, King-Jones K, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JTCreatine supplementation prevents the accumulation of fat in the livers of rats fed a high-fat dietJ Nutr.(2011 Oct)
136.^MacNeil L, Hill L, MacDonald D, Keefe L, Cormier JF, Burke DG, Smith-Palmer TAnalysis of creatine, creatinine, creatine-d3 and creatinine-d3 in urine, plasma, and red blood cells by HPLC and GC-MS to follow the fate of ingested creatine-d3J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.(2005 Dec 5)
137.^Tosco M, Faelli A, Sironi C, Gastaldi G, Orsenigo MNA creatine transporter is operative at the brush border level of the rat jejunal enterocyteJ Membr Biol.(2004 Nov)
138.^Orsenigo MN, Faelli A, De Biasi S, Sironi C, Laforenza U, Paulmichl M, Tosco MJejunal creatine absorption: what is the role of the basolateral membraneJ Membr Biol.(2005 Oct)
139.^Peral MJ, García-Delgado M, Calonge ML, Durán JM, De La Horra MC, Wallimann T, Speer O, Ilundáin AHuman, rat and chicken small intestinal Na+ - Cl- -creatine transporter: functional, molecular characterization and localizationJ Physiol.(2002 Nov 15)
140.^Marescau B, De Deyn P, Wiechert P, Van Gorp L, Lowenthal AComparative study of guanidino compounds in serum and brain of mouse, rat, rabbit, and manJ Neurochem.(1986 Mar)
141.^Horn M, Frantz S, Remkes H, Laser A, Urban B, Mettenleiter A, Schnackerz K, Neubauer SEffects of chronic dietary creatine feeding on cardiac energy metabolism and on creatine content in heart, skeletal muscle, brain, liver and kidneyJ Mol Cell Cardiol.(1998 Feb)
143.^Persky AM, Müller M, Derendorf H, Grant M, Brazeau GA, Hochhaus GSingle- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of oral creatineJ Clin Pharmacol.(2003 Jan)
144.^Sora I, Richman J, Santoro G, Wei H, Wang Y, Vanderah T, Horvath R, Nguyen M, Waite S, Roeske WR, et alThe cloning and expression of a human creatine transporterBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(1994 Oct 14)
145.^Kamber M, Koster M, Kreis R, Walker G, Boesch C, Hoppeler HCreatine supplementation--part I: performance, clinical chemistry, and muscle volumeMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1999 Dec)
146.^Mesa JL, Ruiz JR, González-Gross MM, Gutiérrez Sáinz A, Castillo Garzón MJOral creatine supplementation and skeletal muscle metabolism in physical exerciseSports Med.(2002)
147.^Daly MM, Seifter SUptake of creatine by cultured cellsArch Biochem Biophys.(1980 Aug)
150.^Dai W, Vinnakota S, Qian X, Kunze DL, Sarkar HKMolecular characterization of the human CRT-1 creatine transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytesArch Biochem Biophys.(1999 Jan 1)
151.^Nash SR, Giros B, Kingsmore SF, Rochelle JM, Suter ST, Gregor P, Seldin MF, Caron MGCloning, pharmacological characterization, and genomic localization of the human creatine transporterReceptors Channels.(1994)
152.^Eichler EE, Lu F, Shen Y, Antonacci R, Jurecic V, Doggett NA, Moyzis RK, Baldini A, Gibbs RA, Nelson DLDuplication of a gene-rich cluster between 16p11.1 and Xq28: a novel pericentromeric-directed mechanism for paralogous genome evolutionHum Mol Genet.(1996 Jul)
153.^Iyer GS, Krahe R, Goodwin LA, Doggett NA, Siciliano MJ, Funanage VL, Proujansky RIdentification of a testis-expressed creatine transporter gene at 16p11.2 and confirmation of the X-linked locus to Xq28Genomics.(1996 May 15)
155.^Murphy R, McConell G, Cameron-Smith D, Watt K, Ackland L, Walzel B, Wallimann T, Snow RCreatine transporter protein content, localization, and gene expression in rat skeletal muscleAm J Physiol Cell Physiol.(2001 Mar)
156.^Murphy RM, Tunstall RJ, Mehan KA, Cameron-Smith D, McKenna MJ, Spriet LL, Hargreaves M, Snow RJHuman skeletal muscle creatine transporter mRNA and protein expression in healthy, young males and femalesMol Cell Biochem.(2003 Feb)
157.^West M, Park D, Dodd JR, Kistler J, Christie DLPurification and characterization of the creatine transporter expressed at high levels in HEK293 cellsProtein Expr Purif.(2005 Jun)
158.^Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, Hultman E, Greenhaff PLCreatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humansAm J Physiol.(1996 Jul)
159.^Hultman E, Söderlund K, Timmons JA, Cederblad G, Greenhaff PLMuscle creatine loading in menJ Appl Physiol.(1996 Jul)
161.^Robinson TM, Sewell DA, Hultman E, Greenhaff PLRole of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscleJ Appl Physiol.(1999 Aug)
164.^Theodorou AS, Cooke CB, King RF, Hood C, Denison T, Wainwright BG, Havenetidis KThe effect of longer-term creatine supplementation on elite swimming performance after an acute creatine loadingJ Sports Sci.(1999 Nov)
165.^Rawson ES, Clarkson PM, Price TB, Miles MPDifferential response of muscle phosphocreatine to creatine supplementation in young and old subjectsActa Physiol Scand.(2002 Jan)
166.^Shojaiefard M, Christie DL, Lang FStimulation of the creatine transporter SLC6A8 by the protein kinase mTORBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2006 Mar 24)
167.^Hong F, Larrea MD, Doughty C, Kwiatkowski DJ, Squillace R, Slingerland JMmTOR-raptor binds and activates SGK1 to regulate p27 phosphorylationMol Cell.(2008 Jun 20)
169.^Strutz-Seebohm N, Shojaiefard M, Christie D, Tavare J, Seebohm G, Lang FPIKfyve in the SGK1 mediated regulation of the creatine transporter SLC6A8Cell Physiol Biochem.(2007)
170.^Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N, Birkin R, Dell G, Bucci C, Spinosa MR, Baltaev R, Mack AF, Korniychuk G, Choudhury A, Marks D, Pagano RE, Attali B, Pfeufer A, Kass RS, Sanguinetti MC, Tavare JM, Lang FRegulation of endocytic recycling of KCNQ1/KCNE1 potassium channelsCirc Res.(2007 Mar 16)
171.^Klingel K, Wärntges S, Bock J, Wagner CA, Sauter M, Waldegger S, Kandolf R, Lang FExpression of cell volume-regulated kinase h-sgk in pancreatic tissueAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.(2000 Nov)
172.^Nishida Y, Nagata T, Takahashi Y, Sugahara-Kobayashi M, Murata A, Asai SAlteration of serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase-1 (sgk-1) gene expression in rat hippocampus after transient global ischemiaBrain Res Mol Brain Res.(2004 Apr 7)
174.^Omerovic E, Bollano E, Lorentzon M, Walser M, Mattsson-Hultén L, Isgaard JGrowth hormone induces myocardial expression of creatine transporter and decreases plasma levels of IL-1beta in rats during early postinfarct cardiac remodelingGrowth Horm IGF Res.(2003 Oct)
175.^Wang W, Jobst MA, Bell B, Zhao CR, Shang LH, Jacobs DOCr supplementation decreases tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT in skeletal muscle during sepsisAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2002 May)
176.^Fresno Vara JA, Carretero MV, Gerónimo H, Ballmer-Hofer K, Martín-Pérez JStimulation of c-Src by prolactin is independent of Jak2Biochem J.(2000 Jan 1)
177.^Rowlinson SW, Yoshizato H, Barclay JL, Brooks AJ, Behncken SN, Kerr LM, Millard K, Palethorpe K, Nielsen K, Clyde-Smith J, Hancock JF, Waters MJAn agonist-induced conformational change in the growth hormone receptor determines the choice of signalling pathwayNat Cell Biol.(2008 Jun)
181.^Zhao CR, Shang L, Wang W, Jacobs DOMyocellular creatine and creatine transporter serine phosphorylation after starvationJ Surg Res.(2002 Jun 1)
182.^Odoom JE, Kemp GJ, Radda GKThe regulation of total creatine content in a myoblast cell lineMol Cell Biochem.(1996 May 24)
183.^Steenge GR, Lambourne J, Casey A, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PLStimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscleAm J Physiol.(1998 Dec)
184.^Steenge GR, Lambourne J, Casey A, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PLStimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscleAm J Physiol.(1998 Dec)
185.^Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Kokkonen J, Day R, Evans JMuscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementationMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2001 Jul)
186.^Nelson AG, Arnall DA, Kokkonen J, Day R, Evans JMuscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementationMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2001 Jul)
187.^ Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B, Guan KLAMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1 Nat Cell Biol.(2011 Feb)
188.^ Li H, Thali RF, Smolak C, Gong F, Alzamora R, Wallimann T, Scholz R, Pastor-Soler NM, Neumann D, Hallows KRRegulation of the creatine transporter by AMP-activated protein kinase in kidney epithelial cells Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.(2010 Jul)
189.^ Shaw RJ, Bardeesy N, Manning BD, Lopez L, Kosmatka M, DePinho RA, Cantley LCThe LKB1 tumor suppressor negatively regulates mTOR signaling Cancer Cell.(2004 Jul)
190.^Loike JD, Zalutsky DL, Kaback E, Miranda AF, Silverstein SCExtracellular creatine regulates creatine transport in rat and human muscle cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(1988 Feb)
191.^Odoom JE, Kemp GJ, Radda GKThe regulation of total creatine content in a myoblast cell lineMol Cell Biochem.(1996 May 24)
192.^Shojaiefard M, Hosseinzadeh Z, Bhavsar SK, Lang FDownregulation of the creatine transporter SLC6A8 by JAK2J Membr Biol.(2012 Mar)
193.^Garnovskaya MN, Mukhin YV, Vlasova TM, Raymond JRHypertonicity activates Na+/H+ exchange through Janus kinase 2 and calmodulinJ Biol Chem.(2003 May 9)
194.^Gatsios P, Terstegen L, Schliess F, Häussinger D, Kerr IM, Heinrich PC, Graeve LActivation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway by osmotic shockJ Biol Chem.(1998 Sep 4)
195.^Rowlinson SW, Yoshizato H, Barclay JL, Brooks AJ, Behncken SN, Kerr LM, Millard K, Palethorpe K, Nielsen K, Clyde-Smith J, Hancock JF, Waters MJAn agonist-induced conformational change in the growth hormone receptor determines the choice of signalling pathwayNat Cell Biol.(2008 Jun)
197.^Fresno Vara JA, Carretero MV, Gerónimo H, Ballmer-Hofer K, Martín-Pérez JStimulation of c-Src by prolactin is independent of Jak2Biochem J.(2000 Jan 1)
202.^Braissant O, Henry H, Béard E, Uldry JCreatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brainAmino Acids.(2011 May)
203.^Braissant O, Henry H, Villard AM, Speer O, Wallimann T, Bachmann CCreatine synthesis and transport during rat embryogenesis: spatiotemporal expression of AGAT, GAMT and CT1BMC Dev Biol.(2005 May 26)
206.^Ohtsuki S, Tachikawa M, Takanaga H, Shimizu H, Watanabe M, Hosoya K, Terasaki TThe blood-brain barrier creatine transporter is a major pathway for supplying creatine to the brainJ Cereb Blood Flow Metab.(2002 Nov)
208.^Cardoso FL, Brites D, Brito MALooking at the blood-brain barrier: molecular anatomy and possible investigation approachesBrain Res Rev.(2010 Sep 24)
209.^Carducci C, Carducci C, Santagata S, Adriano E, Artiola C, Thellung S, Gatta E, Robello M, Florio T, Antonozzi I, Leuzzi V, Balestrino MIn vitro study of uptake and synthesis of creatine and its precursors by cerebellar granule cells and astrocytes suggests some hypotheses on the physiopathology of the inherited disorders of creatine metabolismBMC Neurosci.(2012 Apr 26)
210.^Braissant O, Bachmann C, Henry HExpression and function of AGAT, GAMT and CT1 in the mammalian brainSubcell Biochem.(2007)
212.^Kan HE, van der Graaf M, Klomp DW, Vlak MH, Padberg GW, Heerschap AIntake of 13C-4 creatine enables simultaneous assessment of creatine and phosphocreatine pools in human skeletal muscle by 13C MR spectroscopyMagn Reson Med.(2006 Nov)
214.^Preen D, Dawson B, Goodman C, Beilby J, Ching SCreatine supplementation: a comparison of loading and maintenance protocols on creatine uptake by human skeletal muscleInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2003 Mar)
215.^Rawson ES, Persky AM, Price TB, Clarkson PMEffects of repeated creatine supplementation on muscle, plasma, and urine creatine levelsJ Strength Cond Res.(2004 Feb)
216.^Kilduff LP, Pitsiladis YP, Tasker L, Attwood J, Hyslop P, Dailly A, Dickson I, Grant SEffects of creatine on body composition and strength gains after 4 weeks of resistance training in previously nonresistance-trained humansInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2003 Dec)
217.^Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Candow DG, Mahoney D, Tarnopolsky MEffect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetariansMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2003 Nov)
218.^van Loon LJ, Oosterlaar AM, Hartgens F, Hesselink MK, Snow RJ, Wagenmakers AJEffects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humansClin Sci (Lond).(2003 Feb)
220.^van Loon LJ, Murphy R, Oosterlaar AM, Cameron-Smith D, Hargreaves M, Wagenmakers AJ, Snow RCreatine supplementation increases glycogen storage but not GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscleClin Sci (Lond).(2004 Jan)
221.^Sestili P, Martinelli C, Bravi G, Piccoli G, Curci R, Battistelli M, Falcieri E, Agostini D, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi VCreatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activityFree Radic Biol Med.(2006 Mar 1)
223.^Klivenyi P, Ferrante RJ, Matthews RT, Bogdanov MB, Klein AM, Andreassen OA, Mueller G, Wermer M, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Beal MFNeuroprotective effects of creatine in a transgenic animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisNat Med.()
226.^Malcon C, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Beal MFNeuroprotective effects of creatine administration against NMDA and malonate toxicityBrain Res.(2000 Mar 31)
227.^Royes LF, Fighera MR, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fiorenza NG, Ferreira J, da Silva AC, Priel MR, Ueda ES, Calixto JB, Cavalheiro EA, Mello CFNeuromodulatory effect of creatine on extracellular action potentials in rat hippocampus: role of NMDA receptorsNeurochem Int.(2008 Jul)
228.^Oliveira MS, Furian AF, Fighera MR, Fiorenza NG, Ferreira J, Rubin MA, Mello CF, Royes LFThe involvement of the polyamines binding sites at the NMDA receptor in creatine-induced spatial learning enhancementBehav Brain Res.(2008 Feb 11)
229.^Bergeron RJ, Weimar WR, Wu Q, Feng Y, McManis JSPolyamine analogue regulation of NMDA MK-801 binding: a structure-activity studyJ Med Chem.(1996 Dec 20)
230.^Williams K, Romano C, Dichter MA, Molinoff PBModulation of the NMDA receptor by polyaminesLife Sci.(1991)
233.^Rambo LM, Ribeiro LR, Schramm VG, Berch AM, Stamm DN, Della-Pace ID, Silva LF, Furian AF, Oliveira MS, Fighera MR, Royes LFCreatine increases hippocampal Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity via NMDA-calcineurin pathwayBrain Res Bull.(2012 Sep 1)
234.^Cheng SX, Aizman O, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Aperia A{Ca2+}i determines the effects of protein kinases A and C on activity of rat renal Na+,K+-ATPaseJ Physiol.(1999 Jul 1)
235.^Bender A, Beckers J, Schneider I, Hölter SM, Haack T, Ruthsatz T, Vogt-Weisenhorn DM, Becker L, Genius J, Rujescu D, Irmler M, Mijalski T, Mader M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Wurst W, Schmidt J, Klopstock TCreatine improves health and survival of miceNeurobiol Aging.(2008 Sep)
236.^Bender A, Auer DP, Merl T, Reilmann R, Saemann P, Yassouridis A, Bender J, Weindl A, Dose M, Gasser T, Klopstock TCreatine supplementation lowers brain glutamate levels in Huntington’s diseaseJ Neurol.(2005 Jan)
237.^Atassi N, Ratai EM, Greenblatt DJ, Pulley D, Zhao Y, Bombardier J, Wallace S, Eckenrode J, Cudkowicz M, Dibernardo AA phase I, pharmacokinetic, dosage escalation study of creatine monohydrate in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAmyotroph Lateral Scler.(2010 Dec)
239.^Andres RH, Ducray AD, Huber AW, Pérez-Bouza A, Krebs SH, Schlattner U, Seiler RW, Wallimann T, Widmer HREffects of creatine treatment on survival and differentiation of GABA-ergic neurons in cultured striatal tissueJ Neurochem.(2005 Oct)
241.^Allen PJ, D’Anci KE, Kanarek RB, Renshaw PFChronic creatine supplementation alters depression-like behavior in rodents in a sex-dependent mannerNeuropsychopharmacology.(2010 Jan)
242.^Cunha MP, Pazini FL, Oliveira A, Machado DG, Rodrigues ALEvidence for the involvement of 5-HT(1A) receptor in the acute antidepressant-like effect of creatine in miceBrain Res Bull.(2013 Jan 24)
245.^Amital D, Vishne T, Roitman S, Kotler M, Levine JOpen study of creatine monohydrate in treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorderJ Clin Psychiatry.(2006 May)
246.^Lin MT, Tsay HJ, Su WH, Chueh FYChanges in extracellular serotonin in rat hypothalamus affect thermoregulatory functionAm J Physiol.(1998 May)
247.^Bridge MW, Weller AS, Rayson M, Jones DAResponses to exercise in the heat related to measures of hypothalamic serotonergic and dopaminergic functionEur J Appl Physiol.(2003 Jun)
248.^Matthews RT, Ferrante RJ, Klivenyi P, Yang L, Klein AM, Mueller G, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Beal MFCreatine and cyclocreatine attenuate MPTP neurotoxicityExp Neurol.(1999 May)
249.^Brustovetsky N, Brustovetsky T, Dubinsky JMOn the mechanisms of neuroprotection by creatine and phosphocreatineJ Neurochem.(2001 Jan)
250.^Valastro B, Dekundy A, Danysz W, Quack GOral creatine supplementation attenuates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned ratsBehav Brain Res.(2009 Jan 30)
251.^Matthews RT, Yang L, Jenkins BG, Ferrante RJ, Rosen BR, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Beal MFNeuroprotective effects of creatine and cyclocreatine in animal models of Huntington’s diseaseJ Neurosci.(1998 Jan 1)
252.^Roy BD, Bourgeois JM, Mahoney DJ, Tarnopolsky MADietary supplementation with creatine monohydrate prevents corticosteroid-induced attenuation of growth in young ratsCan J Physiol Pharmacol.(2002 Oct)
254.^Genius J, Geiger J, Bender A, Möller HJ, Klopstock T, Rujescu DCreatine protects against excitoxicity in an in vitro model of neurodegenerationPLoS One.(2012)
255.^Lawler JM, Barnes WS, Wu G, Song W, Demaree SDirect antioxidant properties of creatineBiochem Biophys Res Commun.(2002 Jan 11)
256.^Walsh B, Tonkonogi M, Söderlund K, Hultman E, Saks V, Sahlin KThe role of phosphorylcreatine and creatine in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in human skeletal muscleJ Physiol.(2001 Dec 15)
259.^Volz HP, Rzanny R, Riehemann S, May S, Hegewald H, Preussler B, Hübner G, Kaiser WA, Sauer H31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the frontal lobe of major depressed patientsEur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.(1998)
260.^Iosifescu DV, Bolo NR, Nierenberg AA, Jensen JE, Fava M, Renshaw PFBrain bioenergetics and response to triiodothyronine augmentation in major depressive disorderBiol Psychiatry.(2008 Jun 15)
261.^Shao L, Martin MV, Watson SJ, Schatzberg A, Akil H, Myers RM, Jones EG, Bunney WE, Vawter MPMitochondrial involvement in psychiatric disordersAnn Med.(2008)
262.^Rezin GT, Amboni G, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Streck ELMitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disordersNeurochem Res.(2009 Jun)
265.^Cunha MP, Machado DG, Capra JC, Jacinto J, Bettio LE, Rodrigues ALAntidepressant-like effect of creatine in mice involves dopaminergic activationJ Psychopharmacol.(2012 Jun 6)
268.^Yoon S, Kim JE, Hwang J, Kim TS, Kang HJ, Namgung E, Ban S, Oh S, Yang J, Renshaw PF, Lyoo IKEffects of Creatine Monohydrate Augmentation on Brain Metabolic and Network Outcome Measures in Women With Major Depressive DisorderBiol Psychiatry.(2016 Sep 15)
269.^Roitman S, Green T, Osher Y, Karni N, Levine JCreatine monohydrate in resistant depression: a preliminary studyBipolar Disord.(2007 Nov)
270.^Renshaw PF, Parow AM, Hirashima F, Ke Y, Moore CM, Frederick Bde B, Fava M, Hennen J, Cohen BMMultinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of brain purines in major depressionAm J Psychiatry.(2001 Dec)
271.^Sullivan PG, Bruce-Keller AJ, Rabchevsky AG, Christakos S, Clair DK, Mattson MP, Scheff SWExacerbation of damage and altered NF-kappaB activation in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptors after traumatic brain injuryJ Neurosci.(1999 Aug 1)
272.^Braughler JM, Hall EDInvolvement of lipid peroxidation in CNS injuryJ Neurotrauma.(1992 Mar)
273.^Choi DW, Monyer H, Giffard RG, Goldberg MP, Christine CWAcute brain injury, NMDA receptors, and hydrogen ions: observations in cortical cell culturesAdv Exp Med Biol.(1990)
274.^Faden AI, Demediuk P, Panter SS, Vink RThe role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injuryScience.(1989 May 19)
275.^Xiong Y, Gu Q, Peterson PL, Muizelaar JP, Lee CPMitochondrial dysfunction and calcium perturbation induced by traumatic brain injuryJ Neurotrauma.(1997 Jan)
276.^Cadoux-Hudson TA, Wade D, Taylor DJ, Rajagopalan B, Ledingham JG, Briggs M, Radda GKPersistent metabolic sequelae of severe head injury in humans in vivoActa Neurochir (Wien).(1990)
277.^Sullivan PG, Geiger JD, Mattson MP, Scheff SWDietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injuryAnn Neurol.(2000 Nov)
278.^Sakellaris G, Nasis G, Kotsiou M, Tamiolaki M, Charissis G, Evangeliou APrevention of traumatic headache, dizziness and fatigue with creatine administration. A pilot studyActa Paediatr.(2008 Jan)
279.^D’Anci KE, Allen PJ, Kanarek RBA potential role for creatine in drug abuseMol Neurobiol.(2011 Oct)
280.^Gold MS, Kobeissy FH, Wang KK, Merlo LJ, Bruijnzeel AW, Krasnova IN, Cadet JLMethamphetamine- and trauma-induced brain injuries: comparative cellular and molecular neurobiological substratesBiol Psychiatry.(2009 Jul 15)
282.^Sakellaris G, Kotsiou M, Tamiolaki M, Kalostos G, Tsapaki E, Spanaki M, Spilioti M, Charissis G, Evangeliou APrevention of complications related to traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents with creatine administration: an open label randomized pilot studyJ Trauma.(2006 Aug)
284.^Maione S, Berrino L, Pizzirusso A, Leyva J, Filippelli A, Vitagliano S, Rossi FEffects of the polyamine spermidine on NMDA-induced arterial hypertension in freely moving ratsNeuropharmacology.(1994 Jun)
286.^Maccormick VM, Hill LM, Macneil L, Burke DG, Smith-Palmer TElevation of creatine in red blood cells in vegetarians and nonvegetarians after creatine supplementationCan J Appl Physiol.(2004 Dec)
287.^Wilkinson ID, Mitchel N, Breivik S, Greenwood P, Griffiths PD, Winter EM, Van Beek EJEffects of creatine supplementation on cerebral white matter in competitive sportsmenClin J Sport Med.(2006 Jan)
288.^Rawson ES, Lieberman HR, Walsh TM, Zuber SM, Harhart JM, Matthews TCCreatine supplementation does not improve cognitive function in young adultsPhysiol Behav.(2008 Sep 3)
289.^McMorris T, Harris RC, Swain J, Corbett J, Collard K, Dyson RJ, Dye L, Hodgson C, Draper NEffect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisolPsychopharmacology (Berl).(2006 Mar)
291.^Watanabe A, Kato N, Kato TEffects of creatine on mental fatigue and cerebral hemoglobin oxygenationNeurosci Res.(2002 Apr)
292.^McMorris T, Harris RC, Howard AN, Langridge G, Hall B, Corbett J, Dicks M, Hodgson CCreatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behaviorPhysiol Behav.(2007 Jan 30)
294.^Saks V, Dzeja P, Schlattner U, Vendelin M, Terzic A, Wallimann TCardiac system bioenergetics: metabolic basis of the Frank-Starling lawJ Physiol.(2006 Mar 1)
295.^Stanley WC, Recchia FA, Lopaschuk GDMyocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heartPhysiol Rev.(2005 Jul)
296.^Taegtmeyer H, Wilson CR, Razeghi P, Sharma SMetabolic energetics and genetics in the heartAnn N Y Acad Sci.(2005 Jun)
297.^Rodriguez P, Avellanal M, Felizola A, Barrigon SImportance of creatine kinase activity for functional recovery of myocardium after ischemia-reperfusion challengeJ Cardiovasc Pharmacol.(2003 Jan)
298.^Spindler M, Meyer K, Strömer H, Leupold A, Boehm E, Wagner H, Neubauer SCreatine kinase-deficient hearts exhibit increased susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury and impaired calcium homeostasisAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2004 Sep)
299.^Akki A, Su J, Yano T, Gupta A, Wang Y, Leppo MK, Chacko VP, Steenbergen C, Weiss RGCreatine kinase overexpression improves ATP kinetics and contractile function in postischemic myocardiumAm J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.(2012 Oct 1)
302.^Lygate CA, Bohl S, Ten Hove M, Faller KM, Ostrowski PJ, Zervou S, Medway DJ, Aksentijevic D, Sebag-Montefiore L, Wallis J, Clarke K, Watkins H, Schneider JE, Neubauer SModerate elevation of intracellular creatine by targeting the creatine transporter protects mice from acute myocardial infarctionCardiovasc Res.(2012 Oct 1)
304.^Jiao Y, Okumiya T, Saibara T, Park K, Sasaki MAbnormally decreased HbA1c can be assessed with erythrocyte creatine in patients with a shortened erythrocyte ageDiabetes Care.(1998 Oct)
306.^Mawatari S, Shinnoh NOccurrence of creatine kinase activity in human erythrocyte membraneBiochim Biophys Acta.(1981 May 20)
307.^Fox BD, Okumiya T, Attas-Fox L, Kassirer M, Raviv Y, Kramer MRRaised erythrocyte creatine in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension--evidence for subclinical hemolysisRespir Med.(2012 Apr)
308.^Takemoto Y, Okumiya T, Tsuchida K, Nakatani T, Yamamoto KErythrocyte creatine as an index of the erythrocyte life span and erythropoiesisNephron.(2000 Dec)
309.^Jiao Y, Okumiya T, Saibara T, Tsubosaki E, Matsumura H, Park K, Sugimoto K, Kageoka T, Sasaki MAn enzymatic assay for erythrocyte creatine as an index of the erythrocyte life timeClin Biochem.(1998 Mar)
310.^Preen DB, Dawson BT, Goodman C, Beilby J, Ching SComparison of erythrocyte and skeletal muscle creatine accumulation following creatine loadingInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2005 Feb)
311.^Arumanayagam M, Feng CS, Cockram CS, Swaminathan SRErythrocyte creatine levels in hyperthyroidismPathology.(1994 Jul)
312.^Deminice R, Rosa FT, Franco GS, Jordao AA, de Freitas ECEffects of creatine supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers after repeated-sprint exercise in humansNutrition.(2013 Sep)
314.^Lipovac V, Gavella M, Vucić M, Mrzljak V, Rocić BEffect of creatine on erythrocyte rheology in vitroClin Hemorheol Microcirc.(2000)
315.^Refsum H, Ueland PM, Nygård O, Vollset SEHomocysteine and cardiovascular diseaseAnnu Rev Med.(1998)
317.^Zhou J, Werstuck GH, Lhoták S, Shi YY, Tedesco V, Trigatti B, Dickhout J, Majors AK, DiBello PM, Jacobsen DW, Austin RCHyperhomocysteinemia induced by methionine supplementation does not independently cause atherosclerosis in C57BL/6J miceFASEB J.(2008 Jul)
319.^Yideng J, Zhihong L, Jiantuan X, Jun C, Guizhong L, Shuren WHomocysteine-mediated PPARalpha,gamma DNA methylation and its potential pathogenic mechanism in monocytesDNA Cell Biol.(2008 Mar)
320.^Noga AA, Stead LM, Zhao Y, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT, Vance DEPlasma homocysteine is regulated by phospholipid methylationJ Biol Chem.(2003 Feb 21)
321.^Mudd SH, Finkelstein JD, Irreverre F, Laster LTranssulfuration in mammals. Microassays and tissue distributions of three enzymes of the pathwayJ Biol Chem.(1965 Nov)
322.^Stead LM, Au KP, Jacobs RL, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JTMethylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetateAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2001 Nov)
323.^Weisberg IS, Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, Chen Z, Curtis Ellison R, Eckfeldt JH, Rozen RThe 1298A-->C polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): in vitro expression and association with homocysteineAtherosclerosis.(2001 Jun)
325.^Taes YE, Delanghe JR, De Vriese AS, Rombaut R, Van Camp J, Lameire NHCreatine supplementation decreases homocysteine in an animal model of uremiaKidney Int.(2003 Oct)
326.^Taes YE, Delanghe JR, De Bacquer D, Langlois M, Stevens L, Geerolf I, Lameire NH, De Vriese ASCreatine supplementation does not decrease total plasma homocysteine in chronic hemodialysis patientsKidney Int.(2004 Dec)
327.^Loike JD, Cao L, Brett J, Ogawa S, Silverstein SC, Stern DHypoxia induces glucose transporter expression in endothelial cellsAm J Physiol.(1992 Aug)
328.^Windischbauer A, Griesmacher A, Müller MMIn vitro effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on human umbilical endothelial cellsEur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem.(1994 Apr)
329.^Nomura A, Zhang M, Sakamoto T, Ishii Y, Morishima Y, Mochizuki M, Kimura T, Uchida Y, Sekizawa KAnti-inflammatory activity of creatine supplementation in endothelial cells in vitroBr J Pharmacol.(2003 Jun)
330.^McPherson JA, Barringhaus KG, Bishop GG, Sanders JM, Rieger JM, Hesselbacher SE, Gimple LW, Powers ER, Macdonald T, Sullivan G, Linden J, Sarembock IJAdenosine A(2A) receptor stimulation reduces inflammation and neointimal growth in a murine carotid ligation modelArterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.(2001 May)
331.^Okusa MD, Linden J, Huang L, Rieger JM, Macdonald TL, Huynh LPA(2A) adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of renal injury and neutrophil adhesionAm J Physiol Renal Physiol.(2000 Nov)
337.^Cancela P, Ohanian C, Cuitiño E, Hackney ACCreatine supplementation does not affect clinical health markers in football playersBr J Sports Med.(2008 Sep)
338.^Manjarrez-Montes de Oca R, Farfán-González F, Camarillo-Romero S, Tlatempa-Sotelo P, Francisco-Argüelles C, Kormanowski A, González-Gallego J, Alvear-Ordenes IEffects of creatine supplementation in taekwondo practitionersNutr Hosp.(2013 Mar-Apr)
339.^Cornelissen VA, Defoor JG, Stevens A, Schepers D, Hespel P, Decramer M, Mortelmans L, Dobbels F, Vanhaecke J, Fagard RH, Vanhees LEffect of creatine supplementation as a potential adjuvant therapy to exercise training in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trialClin Rehabil.(2010 Nov)
341.^Charron MJ, Katz EB, Olson ALGLUT4 gene regulation and manipulationJ Biol Chem.(1999 Feb 5)
342.^Ju JS, Smith JL, Oppelt PJ, Fisher JSCreatine feeding increases GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscleAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2005 Feb)
343.^Op’t Eijnde B, Ursø B, Richter EA, Greenhaff PL, Hespel PEffect of oral creatine supplementation on human muscle GLUT4 protein content after immobilizationDiabetes.(2001 Jan)
344.^Tabata I, Suzuki Y, Fukunaga T, Yokozeki T, Akima H, Funato KResistance training affects GLUT-4 content in skeletal muscle of humans after 19 days of head-down bed restJ Appl Physiol (1985).(1999 Mar)
345.^Phillips SM, Han XX, Green HJ, Bonen AIncrements in skeletal muscle GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 after endurance training in humansAm J Physiol.(1996 Mar)
346.^Towler MC, Hardie DGAMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signalingCirc Res.(2007 Feb 16)
348.^Hardie DG, Ross FA, Hawley SAAMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasisNat Rev Mol Cell Biol.(2012 Mar 22)
349.^Hardie DG, Carling D, Carlson MThe AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinase subfamily: metabolic sensors of the eukaryotic cellAnnu Rev Biochem.(1998)
351.^Choe CU, Nabuurs C, Stockebrand MC, Neu A, Nunes P, Morellini F, Sauter K, Schillemeit S, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Marescau B, Heerschap A, Isbrandt DL-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency protects from metabolic syndromeHum Mol Genet.(2013 Jan 1)
352.^Stockebrand M, Sauter K, Neu A, Isbrandt D, Choe CUDifferential regulation of AMPK activation in leptin- and creatine-deficient miceFASEB J.(2013 Jun 28)
353.^Inoki K, Kim J, Guan KLAMPK and mTOR in cellular energy homeostasis and drug targetsAnnu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol.(2012)
355.^Alves CR, Ferreira JC, de Siqueira-Filho MA, Carvalho CR, Lancha AH Jr, Gualano BCreatine-induced glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: a role for AMPK-αAmino Acids.(2012 Oct)
357.^Eijnde BO, Richter EA, Henquin JC, Kiens B, Hespel PEffect of creatine supplementation on creatine and glycogen content in rat skeletal muscleActa Physiol Scand.(2001 Feb)
358.^Rooney K, Bryson J, Phuyal J, Denyer G, Caterson I, Thompson CCreatine supplementation alters insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in vivoMetabolism.(2002 Apr)
359.^Kilduff LP, Georgiades E, James N, Minnion RH, Mitchell M, Kingsmore D, Hadjicharlambous M, Pitsiladis YPThe effects of creatine supplementation on cardiovascular, metabolic, and thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat in endurance-trained humansInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2004 Aug)
360.^Rapp G, Ashley CC, Bagni MA, Griffiths PJ, Cecchi GVolume changes of the myosin lattice resulting from repetitive stimulation of single muscle fibersBiophys J.(1998 Dec)
361.^Olsson KE, Saltin BVariation in total body water with muscle glycogen changes in manActa Physiol Scand.(1970 Sep)
363.^Gualano B, Novaes RB, Artioli GG, Freire TO, Coelho DF, Scagliusi FB, Rogeri PS, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C, Lancha AH JrEffects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic trainingAmino Acids.(2008 Feb)
364.^Rooney KB, Bryson JM, Digney AL, Rae CD, Thompson CHCreatine supplementation affects glucose homeostasis but not insulin secretion in humansAnn Nutr Metab.(2003)
365.^Alsever RN, Georg RH, Sussman KEStimulation of insulin secretion by guanidinoacetic acid and other guanidine derivativesEndocrinology.(1970 Feb)
366.^Marco J, Calle C, Hedo JA, Villanueva MLGlucagon-releasing activity of guanidine compounds in mouse pancreatic isletsFEBS Lett.(1976 Apr 15)
367.^Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, Sewell DA, Greenhaff PLCarbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humansAm J Physiol.(1996 Nov)
368.^Green AL, Simpson EJ, Littlewood JJ, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PLCarbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in humansActa Physiol Scand.(1996 Oct)
369.^Saremi A, Gharakhanloo R, Sharghi S, Gharaati MR, Larijani B, Omidfar KEffects of oral creatine and resistance training on serum myostatin and GASP-1Mol Cell Endocrinol.(2010 Apr 12)
371.^Hespel P, Op’t Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M, Ursø B, Greenhaff PL, Labarque V, Dymarkowski S, Van Hecke P, Richter EAOral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humansJ Physiol.(2001 Oct 15)
372.^Roschel H, Gualano B, Marquezi M, Costa A, Lancha AH JrCreatine supplementation spares muscle glycogen during high intensity intermittent exercise in ratsJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2010 Jan 29)
373.^Huang CR, Chang WN, Tsai NW, Lu CHSerial nerve conduction studies in vitamin B12 deficiency-associated polyneuropathyNeurol Sci.(2011 Feb)
374.^Leishear K, Ferrucci L, Lauretani F, Boudreau RM, Studenski SA, Rosano C, Abbate R, Gori AM, Corsi AM, Di Iorio A, Guralnik JM, Bandinelli S, Newman AB, Strotmeyer ESVitamin B12 and homocysteine levels and 6-year change in peripheral nerve function and neurological signsJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.(2012 May)
375.^Streck EL, Matte C, Vieira PS, Rombaldi F, Wannmacher CM, Wajner M, Wyse ATReduction of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats subjected to chemically induced hyperhomocysteinemiaNeurochem Res.(2002 Dec)
376.^Kolling J, Scherer EB, Siebert C, Hansen F, Torres FV, Scaini G, Ferreira G, de Andrade RB, Gonçalves CA, Streck EL, Wannmacher CM, Wyse ATHomocysteine induces energy imbalance in rat skeletal muscle: Is creatine a protectorCell Biochem Funct.(2013 Oct)
377.^Sotgia S, Carru C, Caria MA, Tadolini B, Deiana L, Zinellu AAcute variations in homocysteine levels are related to creatine changes induced by physical activityClin Nutr.(2007 Aug)
378.^Gelecek N, Teoman N, Ozdirenc M, Pinar L, Akan P, Bediz C, Kozan OInfluences of acute and chronic aerobic exercise on the plasma homocysteine levelAnn Nutr Metab.(2007)
380.^Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, Hultman EEffect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesisAm J Physiol.(1994 May)
381.^Dempsey RL, Mazzone MF, Meurer LNDoes oral creatine supplementation improve strength? A meta-analysisJ Fam Pract.(2002 Nov)
383.^Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, Van Leemputte M, Vangerven L, Hespel PLong-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance trainingJ Appl Physiol.(1997 Dec)
384.^Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Staron RS, Putukian M, Gómez AL, Pearson DR, Fink WJ, Kraemer WJPerformance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance trainingMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1999 Aug)
385.^Stone MH, Sanborn K, Smith LL, O’Bryant HS, Hoke T, Utter AC, Johnson RL, Boros R, Hruby J, Pierce KC, Stone ME, Garner BEffects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football playersInt J Sport Nutr.(1999 Jun)
387.^Rawson ES, Clarkson PMAcute creatine supplementation in older menInt J Sports Med.(2000 Jan)
388.^Rawson ES, Wehnert ML, Clarkson PMEffects of 30 days of creatine ingestion in older menEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1999 Jul)
389.^Becque MD, Lochmann JD, Melrose DREffects of oral creatine supplementation on muscular strength and body compositionMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2000 Mar)
390.^Zange J, Kornblum C, Müller K, Kurtscheid S, Heck H, Schröder R, Grehl T, Vorgerd MCreatine supplementation results in elevated phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratios in the calf muscle of athletes but not in patients with myopathiesAnn Neurol.(2002 Jul)
394.^Häussinger D, Hallbrucker C, vom Dahl S, Lang F, Gerok WCell swelling inhibits proteolysis in perfused rat liverBiochem J.(1990 Nov 15)
396.^Thompson CH, Kemp GJ, Sanderson AL, Dixon RM, Styles P, Taylor DJ, Radda GKEffect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmersBr J Sports Med.(1996 Sep)
398.^Candow DG1, Zello GA, Ling B, Farthing JP, Chilibeck PD, McLeod K, Harris J, Johnson SComparison of creatine supplementation before versus after supervised resistance training in healthy older adultsRes Sports Med.(2014)
401.^Soares DD, Lima NR, Coimbra CC, Marubayashi UIntracerebroventricular tryptophan increases heating and heat storage rate in exercising ratsPharmacol Biochem Behav.(2004 Jun)
402.^Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, Piacentini MF, Looverie R, Meeusen RAcute dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition enhances human exercise performance in warm, but not temperate conditionsJ Physiol.(2005 Jun 15)
403.^Nielsen B, Hales JR, Strange S, Christensen NJ, Warberg J, Saltin BHuman circulatory and thermoregulatory adaptations with heat acclimation and exercise in a hot, dry environmentJ Physiol.(1993 Jan)
405.^American College of Sports Medicine, Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NSAmerican College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacementMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2007 Feb)
406.^Volek JS, Mazzetti SA, Farquhar WB, Barnes BR, Gómez AL, Kraemer WJPhysiological responses to short-term exercise in the heat after creatine loadingMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2001 Jul)
407.^Magal M, Webster MJ, Sistrunk LE, Whitehead MT, Evans RK, Boyd JCComparison of glycerol and water hydration regimens on tennis-related performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2003 Jan)
408.^Riedesel ML, Allen DY, Peake GT, Al-Qattan KHyperhydration with glycerol solutionsJ Appl Physiol (1985).(1987 Dec)
409.^Beis LY, Polyviou T, Malkova D, Pitsiladis YPThe effects of creatine and glycerol hyperhydration on running economy in well trained endurance runnersJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2011 Dec 16)
410.^Dabidi Roshan V, Babaei H, Hosseinzadeh M, Arendt-Nielsen LThe effect of creatine supplementation on muscle fatigue and physiological indices following intermittent swimming boutsJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2013 Jun)
414.^Mujika I, Chatard JC, Lacoste L, Barale F, Geyssant ACreatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance in competitive swimmersMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1996 Nov)
415.^Mendes RR, Pires I, Oliveira A, Tirapegui JEffects of creatine supplementation on the performance and body composition of competitive swimmersJ Nutr Biochem.(2004 Aug)
416.^Selsby JT, Beckett KD, Kern M, Devor STSwim performance following creatine supplementation in Division III athletesJ Strength Cond Res.(2003 Aug)
417.^Leenders NM, Lamb DR, Nelson TECreatine supplementation and swimming performanceInt J Sport Nutr.(1999 Sep)
418.^Peyrebrune MC, Stokes K, Hall GM, Nevill MEEffect of creatine supplementation on training for competition in elite swimmersMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 Dec)
419.^Anomasiri W, Sanguanrungsirikul S, Saichandee PLow dose creatine supplementation enhances sprint phase of 400 meters swimming performanceJ Med Assoc Thai.(2004 Sep)
420.^Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Boobis LH, Lakomy HK, Nevill AMRecovery of power output and muscle metabolites following 30 s of maximal sprint cycling in manJ Physiol.(1995 Jan 15)
422.^Havenetidis K, Bourdas DCreatine supplementation: effects on urinary excretion and anaerobic performanceJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2003 Sep)
424.^Eckerson JM, Stout JR, Moore GA, Stone NJ, Iwan KA, Gebauer AN, Ginsberg REffect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and womenJ Strength Cond Res.(2005 Nov)
426.^Oliver JM, Joubert DP, Martin SE, Crouse SFOral Creatine Supplementation Decreases Blood Lactate during Exhaustive, Incremental CyclingInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2012 Nov 19)
428.^Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Falvo MJ, Kang J, Ratamess NAEffect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performanceJ Strength Cond Res.(2005 May)
429.^Havenetidis K, Cooke CB, Butterly R, King RFIncorrect calculation of power outputs masks the ergogenic capacity of creatine supplementationAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2006 Oct)
430.^Kinugasa R, Akima H, Ota A, Ohta A, Sugiura K, Kuno SYShort-term creatine supplementation does not improve muscle activation or sprint performance in humansEur J Appl Physiol.(2004 Mar)
431.^Fumagalli S, Fattirolli F, Guarducci L, Cellai T, Baldasseroni S, Tarantini F, Di Bari M, Masotti G, Marchionni NCoenzyme Q10 terclatrate and creatine in chronic heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind studyClin Cardiol.(2011 Apr)
432.^Wallimann T, Hemmer WCreatine kinase in non-muscle tissues and cellsMol Cell Biochem.(1994 Apr-May)
436.^Sömjen D, Weisman Y, Harell A, Berger E, Kaye AMDirect and sex-specific stimulation by sex steroids of creatine kinase activity and DNA synthesis in rat boneProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(1989 May)
439.^Roy BD, de Beer J, Harvey D, Tarnopolsky MACreatine monohydrate supplementation does not improve functional recovery after total knee arthroplastyArch Phys Med Rehabil.(2005 Jul)
440.^Neves M Jr, Gualano B, Roschel H, Fuller R, Benatti FB, Pinto AL, Lima FR, Pereira RM, Lancha AH Jr, Bonfá EBeneficial effect of creatine supplementation in knee osteoarthritisMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2011 Aug)
441.^Antolic A, Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA, Zernicke RF, Wohl GR, Shaughnessy SG, Bourgeois JMCreatine monohydrate increases bone mineral density in young Sprague-Dawley ratsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2007 May)
442.^de Souza RA, Xavier M, da Silva FF, de Souza MT, Tosato MG, Martin AA, Castilho JC, Ribeiro W, Silveira L JrInfluence of creatine supplementation on bone quality in the ovariectomized rat model: an FT-Raman spectroscopy studyLasers Med Sci.(2012 Mar)
443.^Yamori Y, Fukuda S, Tsuchikura S, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Horie RStroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) as a model for osteoporosisClin Exp Hypertens A.(1991)
444.^Alves CR, Murai IH, Ramona P, Nicastro H, Takayama L, Guimarães F, Lancha Junior AH, Irigoyen MC, Pereira RM, Gualano BInfluence of creatine supplementation on bone mass of spontaneously hypertensive ratsRev Bras Reumatol.(2012 May-Jun)
446.^Hoffman J, Ratamess N, Kang J, Mangine G, Faigenbaum A, Stout JEffect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletesInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2006 Aug)
448.^Cook CJ, Crewther BT, Kilduff LP, Drawer S, Gaviglio CMSkill execution and sleep deprivation: effects of acute caffeine or creatine supplementation - a randomized placebo-controlled trialJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2011 Feb 16)
449.^Schedel JM, Tanaka H, Kiyonaga A, Shindo M, Schutz YAcute creatine loading enhances human growth hormone secretionJ Sports Med Phys Fitness.(2000 Dec)
450.^Loike JD, Somes M, Silverstein SCCreatine uptake, metabolism, and efflux in human monocytes and macrophagesAm J Physiol.(1986 Jul)
451.^Loike JD, Kozler VF, Silverstein SCIncreased ATP and creatine phosphate turnover in phagocytosing mouse peritoneal macrophagesJ Biol Chem.(1979 Oct 10)
452.^Leland KM, McDonald TL, Drescher KMEffect of creatine, creatinine, and creatine ethyl ester on TLR expression in macrophagesInt Immunopharmacol.(2011 Sep)
453.^Madan BR, Khanna NKEffect of creatinine on various experimentally induced inflammatory modelsIndian J Physiol Pharmacol.(1979 Jan-Mar)
454.^Borregaard N, Herlin TEnergy metabolism of human neutrophils during phagocytosisJ Clin Invest.(1982 Sep)
455.^Vieira RP, Duarte AC, Claudino RC, Perini A, Santos AB, Moriya HT, Arantes-Costa FM, Martins MA, Carvalho CR, Dolhnikoff MCreatine supplementation exacerbates allergic lung inflammation and airway remodeling in miceAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol.(2007 Dec)
456.^Yamashita N, Tashimo H, Ishida H, Matsuo Y, Arai H, Nagase H, Adachi T, Ohta KRole of insulin-like growth factor-I in allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodelingCell Immunol.(2005 Jun)
457.^Ferreira SC, Toledo AC, Hage M, Santos AB, Medeiros MC, Martins MA, Carvalho CR, Dolhnikoff M, Vieira RPCreatine activates airway epithelium in asthmaInt J Sports Med.(2010 Dec)
458.^Vieira RP, Claudino RC, Duarte AC, Santos AB, Perini A, Faria Neto HC, Mauad T, Martins MA, Dolhnikoff M, Carvalho CRAerobic exercise decreases chronic allergic lung inflammation and airway remodeling in miceAm J Respir Crit Care Med.(2007 Nov 1)
459.^Vieira RP, Duarte AC, Santos AB, Medeiros MC, Mauad T, Martins MA, Carvalho CR, Dolhnikoff MExercise reduces effects of creatine on lungInt J Sports Med.(2009 Sep)
460.^Sestili P, Barbieri E, Martinelli C, Battistelli M, Guescini M, Vallorani L, Casadei L, D’Emilio A, Falcieri E, Piccoli G, Agostini D, Annibalini G, Paolillo M, Gioacchini AM, Stocchi VCreatine supplementation prevents the inhibition of myogenic differentiation in oxidatively injured C2C12 murine myoblastsMol Nutr Food Res.(2009 Sep)
461.^Berneburg M, Gremmel T, Kürten V, Schroeder P, Hertel I, von Mikecz A, Wild S, Chen M, Declercq L, Matsui M, Ruzicka T, Krutmann JCreatine supplementation normalizes mutagenesis of mitochondrial DNA as well as functional consequencesJ Invest Dermatol.(2005 Aug)
462.^Guidi C, Potenza L, Sestili P, Martinelli C, Guescini M, Stocchi L, Zeppa S, Polidori E, Annibalini G, Stocchi VDifferential effect of creatine on oxidatively-injured mitochondrial and nuclear DNABiochim Biophys Acta.(2008 Jan)
465.^Bourgeois JM, Nagel K, Pearce E, Wright M, Barr RD, Tarnopolsky MACreatine monohydrate attenuates body fat accumulation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance chemotherapyPediatr Blood Cancer.(2008 Aug)
466.^Kim HJ, Kim CK, Carpentier A, Poortmans JRStudies on the safety of creatine supplementationAmino Acids.(2011 May)
467.^Francaux M, Poortmans JRSide effects of creatine supplementation in athletesInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2006 Dec)
469.^Poortmans JR, Kumps A, Duez P, Fofonka A, Carpentier A, Francaux MEffect of oral creatine supplementation on urinary methylamine, formaldehyde, and formateMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 Oct)
470.^Candow DG, Little JP, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA, Kazachkov M, Cornish SM, Yu PHLow-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older menMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2008 Sep)
471.^Schimmel L, Khandekar VS, Martin KJ, Riera T, Honan C, Shaw DG, Kaddurah-Daouk RThe synthetic phosphagen cyclocreatine phosphate inhibits the growth of a broad spectrum of solid tumorsAnticancer Res.(1996 Jan-Feb)
472.^Lillie JW, O’Keefe M, Valinski H, Hamlin HA Jr, Varban ML, Kaddurah-Daouk RCyclocreatine (1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine) inhibits growth of a broad spectrum of cancer cells derived from solid tumorsCancer Res.(1993 Jul 1)
474.^Miller EE, Evans AE, Cohn MInhibition of rate of tumor growth by creatine and cyclocreatineProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(1993 Apr 15)
475.^Patra S, Ghosh A, Roy SS, Bera S, Das M, Talukdar D, Ray S, Wallimann T, Ray MA short review on creatine-creatine kinase system in relation to cancer and some experimental results on creatine as adjuvant in cancer therapyAmino Acids.(2012 Jun)
476.^Taes YE, Bruggeman E, Bleys J, Delanghe JRLowering methylation demand by creatine supplementation paradoxically decreases DNA methylationMol Genet Metab.(2007 Nov)
477.^Freilinger M, Dunkler D, Lanator I, Item CB, Mühl A, Fowler B, Bodamer OAEffects of creatine supplementation in Rett syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trialJ Dev Behav Pediatr.(2011 Jul-Aug)
479.^Talukdar D, Chaudhuri BS, Ray M, Ray SCritical evaluation of toxic versus beneficial effects of methylglyoxalBiochemistry (Mosc).(2009 Oct)
481.^Wallimann T, Wegmann G, Moser H, Huber R, Eppenberger HMHigh content of creatine kinase in chicken retina: compartmentalized localization of creatine kinase isoenzymes in photoreceptor cellsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A.(1986 Jun)
483.^de Souza CF, Kalloniatis M, Christie DL, Polkinghorne PJ, McGhee CN, Acosta MLCreatine transporter immunolocalization in aged human and detached retinasInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.(2012 Apr 18)
484.^Nakashima T, Tomi M, Katayama K, Tachikawa M, Watanabe M, Terasaki T, Hosoya KBlood-to-retina transport of creatine via creatine transporter (CRT) at the rat inner blood-retinal barrierJ Neurochem.(2004 Jun)
485.^Abplanalp J, Laczko E, Philp NJ, Neidhardt J, Zuercher J, Braun P, Schorderet DF, Munier FL, Verrey F, Berger W, Camargo SM, Kloeckener-Gruissem BThe cataract and glucosuria associated monocarboxylate transporter MCT12 is a new creatine transporterHum Mol Genet.(2013 Aug 15)
486.^Cook B, Lewis GP, Fisher SK, Adler RApoptotic photoreceptor degeneration in experimental retinal detachmentInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.(1995 May)
487.^Fisher SK, Lewis GP, Linberg KA, Verardo MRCellular remodeling in mammalian retina: results from studies of experimental retinal detachmentProg Retin Eye Res.(2005 May)
488.^Chang CJ, Lai WW, Edward DP, Tso MOApoptotic photoreceptor cell death after traumatic retinal detachment in humansArch Ophthalmol.(1995 Jul)
489.^Poitry-Yamate CL, Poitry S, Tsacopoulos MLactate released by Müller glial cells is metabolized by photoreceptors from mammalian retinaJ Neurosci.(1995 Jul)
491.^Nakashima T, Tomi M, Tachikawa M, Watanabe M, Terasaki T, Hosoya KEvidence for creatine biosynthesis in Müller gliaGlia.(2005 Oct)
493.^Sergouniotis PI, Davidson AE, Lenassi E, Devery SR, Moore AT, Webster ARRetinal structure, function, and molecular pathologic features in gyrate atrophyOphthalmology.(2012 Mar)
494.^Takki KK, Milton RCThe natural history of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retinaOphthalmology.(1981 Apr)
495.^Kaiser-Kupfer MI, de Monasterio FM, Valle D, Walser M, Brusilow SGyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: improved visual function following reduction of plasma ornithine by dietScience.(1980 Dec 5)
496.^Sipilä I, Rapola J, Simell O, Vannas ASupplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retinaN Engl J Med.(1981 Apr 9)
497.^Vannas-Sulonen K, Sipilä I, Vannas A, Simell O, Rapola JGyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. A five-year follow-up of creatine supplementationOphthalmology.(1985 Dec)
498.^Klopstock T, Querner V, Schmidt F, Gekeler F, Walter M, Hartard M, Henning M, Gasser T, Pongratz D, Straube A, Dieterich M, Müller-Felber WA placebo-controlled crossover trial of creatine in mitochondrial diseasesNeurology.(2000 Dec 12)
499.^Kornblum C, Schröder R, Müller K, Vorgerd M, Eggers J, Bogdanow M, Papassotiropoulos A, Fabian K, Klockgether T, Zange JCreatine has no beneficial effect on skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with single mitochondrial DNA deletions: a placebo-controlled, double-blind 31P-MRS crossover studyEur J Neurol.(2005 Apr)
500.^Braegger CP, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Utiger A, Frank F, Schaefer B, Heizmann CW, Sennhauser FHEffects of creatine supplementation in cystic fibrosis: results of a pilot studyJ Cyst Fibros.(2003 Dec)
501.^WALKER JB, WALKER MSFormation of creatine from guanidinoacetate in pancreasProc Soc Exp Biol Med.(1959 Aug-Sep)
502.^da Silva RP, Clow K, Brosnan JT, Brosnan MESynthesis of guanidinoacetate and creatine from amino acids by rat pancreasBr J Nutr.(2013 Oct 8:1-7)
503.^Krippeit-Drews P, Bäcker M, Düfer M, Drews GPhosphocreatine as a determinant of K(ATP) channel activity in pancreatic beta-cellsPflugers Arch.(2003 Feb)
504.^Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan JMolecular biology of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channelsEndocr Rev.(1999 Apr)
505.^Ashcroft FM, Rorsman PElectrophysiology of the pancreatic beta-cellProg Biophys Mol Biol.(1989)
506.^Ashcroft FMExciting times for PIP2Science.(1998 Nov 6)
508.^Cook DL, Hales CNIntracellular ATP directly blocks K+ channels in pancreatic B-cellsNature.(1984 Sep 20-26)
509.^Rocić B, Lovrencić MV, Poje M, Ashcroft SJEffect of creatine on the pancreatic beta-cellExp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.(2007 Jan)
514.^Jacobs RL, Zhao Y, Koonen DP, Sletten T, Su B, Lingrell S, Cao G, Peake DA, Kuo MS, Proctor SD, Kennedy BP, Dyck JR, Vance DEImpaired de novo choline synthesis explains why phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesityJ Biol Chem.(2010 Jul 16)
515.^Souza WM, Heck TG, Wronski EC, Ulbrich AZ, Boff EEffects of creatine supplementation on biomarkers of hepatic and renal function in young trained ratsToxicol Mech Methods.(2013 Oct 4)
517.^Schilling BK, Stone MH, Utter A, Kearney JT, Johnson M, Coglianese R, Smith L, O’Bryant HS, Fry AC, Starks M, Keith R, Stone MECreatine supplementation and health variables: a retrospective studyMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2001 Feb)
518.^Tarnopolsky MA, Bourgeois JM, Snow R, Keys S, Roy BD, Kwiecien JM, Turnbull JHistological assessment of intermediate- and long-term creatine monohydrate supplementation in mice and ratsAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2003 Oct)
519.^Kreider RBSpecies-specific responses to creatine supplementationAm J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.(2003 Oct)
520.^Groeneveld GJ, Veldink JH, van der Tweel I, Kalmijn S, Beijer C, de Visser M, Wokke JH, Franssen H, van den Berg LHA randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAnn Neurol.(2003 Apr)
521.^Shefner JM, Cudkowicz ME, Schoenfeld D, Conrad T, Taft J, Chilton M, Urbinelli L, Qureshi M, Zhang H, Pestronk A, Caress J, Donofrio P, Sorenson E, Bradley W, Lomen-Hoerth C, Pioro E, Rezania K, Ross M, Pascuzzi R, Heiman-Patterson T, Tandan R, Mitsumoto H, Rothstein J, Smith-Palmer T, MacDonald D, Burke D; NEALS ConsortiumA clinical trial of creatine in ALSNeurology.(2004 Nov 9)
522.^Rosenfeld J, King RM, Jackson CE, Bedlack RS, Barohn RJ, Dick A, Phillips LH, Chapin J, Gelinas DF, Lou JSCreatine monohydrate in ALS: effects on strength, fatigue, respiratory status and ALSFRSAmyotroph Lateral Scler.(2008 Oct)
523.^Ferreira LG, De Toledo Bergamaschi C, Lazaretti-Castro M, Heilberg IPEffects of creatine supplementation on body composition and renal function in ratsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 Sep)
524.^GOLDMAN R, MOSS JXSynthesis of creatine in nephrectomized ratsAm J Physiol.(1959 Oct)
525.^GOLDMAN R, MOSS JXCreatine synthesis after creatinine loading and after nephrectomyProc Soc Exp Biol Med.(1960 Dec)
526.^Levillain O, Marescau B, de Deyn PPGuanidino compound metabolism in rats subjected to 20% to 90% nephrectomyKidney Int.(1995 Feb)
527.^Taes YE, Delanghe JR, Wuyts B, van de Voorde J, Lameire NHCreatine supplementation does not affect kidney function in an animal model with pre-existing renal failureNephrol Dial Transplant.(2003 Feb)
528.^Gualano B, Ferreira DC, Sapienza MT, Seguro AC, Lancha AH JrEffect of short-term high-dose creatine supplementation on measured GFR in a young man with a single kidneyAm J Kidney Dis.(2010 Mar)
529.^Schäfer K, Gretz N, Bader M, Oberbäumer I, Eckardt KU, Kriz W, Bachmann SCharacterization of the Han:SPRD rat model for hereditary polycystic kidney diseaseKidney Int.(1994 Jul)
530.^Cowley BD Jr, Gudapaty S, Kraybill AL, Barash BD, Harding MA, Calvet JP, Gattone VH 2ndAutosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease in the ratKidney Int.(1993 Mar)
531.^Edmunds JW, Jayapalan S, DiMarco NM, Saboorian MH, Aukema HMCreatine supplementation increases renal disease progression in Han:SPRD-cy ratsAm J Kidney Dis.(2001 Jan)
532.^Groeneveld GJ, Veldink JH, van der Tweel I, Kalmijn S, Beijer C, de Visser M, Wokke JH, Franssen H, van den Berg LHA randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAnn Neurol.(2003 Apr)
533.^Shefner JM, Cudkowicz ME, Schoenfeld D, Conrad T, Taft J, Chilton M, Urbinelli L, Qureshi M, Zhang H, Pestronk A, Caress J, Donofrio P, Sorenson E, Bradley W, Lomen-Hoerth C, Pioro E, Rezania K, Ross M, Pascuzzi R, Heiman-Patterson T, Tandan R, Mitsumoto H, Rothstein J, Smith-Palmer T, MacDonald D, Burke D; NEALS ConsortiumA clinical trial of creatine in ALSNeurology.(2004 Nov 9)
534.^Rosenfeld J, King RM, Jackson CE, Bedlack RS, Barohn RJ, Dick A, Phillips LH, Chapin J, Gelinas DF, Lou JSCreatine monohydrate in ALS: effects on strength, fatigue, respiratory status and ALSFRSAmyotroph Lateral Scler.(2008 Oct)
535.^Manoel Neves Jr, Bruno Gualano, Hamilton Roschel, Fernanda Rodrigues Lima, Ana Lúcia de Sá-Pinto, Antonio Carlos Seguro, Maria Heloisa Shimizu, Marcelo Tatit Sapienza, Ricardo Fuller, Antonio Herbert Lancha Jr, Eloisa BonfáEffect of creatine supplementation on measured glomerular filtration rate in postmenopausal womenAppl Physiol Nutr Metab.(2011 Jun)
536.^Gualano B, de Salles Painelli V, Roschel H, Lugaresi R, Dorea E, Artioli GG, Lima FR, da Silva ME, Cunha MR, Seguro AC, Shimizu MH, Otaduy MC, Sapienza MT, da Costa Leite C, Bonfá E, Lancha Junior AHCreatine supplementation does not impair kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trialEur J Appl Physiol.(2011 May)
537.^Taes YE, Delanghe JR, De Bacquer D, Langlois M, Stevens L, Geerolf I, Lameire NH, De Vriese ASCreatine supplementation does not decrease total plasma homocysteine in chronic hemodialysis patientsKidney Int.(2004 Dec)
538.^Groeneveld GJ, Beijer C, Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Wokke JH, van den Berg LHFew adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trialInt J Sports Med.(2005 May)
539.^Jacques R Poortmans, Alain Kumps, Pierre Duez, Aline Fofonka, Alain Carpentier, Marc FrancauxEffect of oral creatine supplementation on urinary methylamine, formaldehyde, and formateMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 Oct)
540.^Gualano B, Ugrinowitsch C, Novaes RB, Artioli GG, Shimizu MH, Seguro AC, Harris RC, Lancha AH JrEffects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trialEur J Appl Physiol.(2008 May)
541.^Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG, Mueller KD, Lewis JDEffect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adultsJ Strength Cond Res.(2011 Jul)
542.^Cancela P, Ohanian C, Cuitiño E, Hackney ACCreatine supplementation does not affect clinical health markers in football playersBr J Sports Med.(2008 Sep)
543.^Poortmans JR, Francaux MAdverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction?Sports Med.(2000 Sep)
544.^Farquhar WB, Zambraski EJEffects of creatine use on the athlete's kidneyCurr Sports Med Rep.(2002 Apr)
545.^Pline KA, Smith CLThe effect of creatine intake on renal functionAnn Pharmacother.(2005 Jun)
546.^Francaux M, Poortmans JRSide effects of creatine supplementation in athletesInt J Sports Physiol Perform.(2006 Dec)
547.^Persky AM, Rawson ESSafety of creatine supplementationSubcell Biochem.(2007)
548.^Kim HJ, Kim CK, Carpentier A, Poortmans JRStudies on the safety of creatine supplementationAmino Acids.(2011 May)
549.^Gualano B, Roschel H, Lancha AH Jr, Brightbill CE, Rawson ESIn sickness and in health: the widespread application of creatine supplementationAmino Acids.(2012 Aug)
550.^Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, Candow DG, Kleiner SM, Almada AL, Lopez HLInternational Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicineJ Int Soc Sports Nutr.(2017 Jun 13)
551.^Gualano B, Ferreira DC, Sapienza MT, Seguro AC, Lancha AH JrEffect of short-term high-dose creatine supplementation on measured GFR in a young man with a single kidneyAm J Kidney Dis.(2010 Mar)
552.^Shelmadine BD, Hudson GM, Buford TW et al.The effects of supplementation of creatine on total homocysteineJ Ren Nurs..(2012 Sep)
554.^Dickinson H, Ireland ZJ, Larosa DA, O’Connell BA, Ellery S, Snow R, Walker DWMaternal dietary creatine supplementation does not alter the capacity for creatine synthesis in the newborn spiny mouseReprod Sci.(2013 Sep)
556.^Adcock KH, Nedelcu J, Loenneker T, Martin E, Wallimann T, Wagner BPNeuroprotection of creatine supplementation in neonatal rats with transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemiaDev Neurosci.(2002)
557.^Cannata DJ, Ireland Z, Dickinson H, Snow RJ, Russell AP, West JM, Walker DWMaternal creatine supplementation from mid-pregnancy protects the diaphragm of the newborn spiny mouse from intrapartum hypoxia-induced damagePediatr Res.(2010 Nov)
558.^Ellery SJ, Ireland Z, Kett MM, Snow R, Walker DW, Dickinson HCreatine pretreatment prevents birth asphyxia-induced injury of the newborn spiny mouse kidneyPediatr Res.(2013 Feb)
559.^Ireland Z, Castillo-Melendez M, Dickinson H, Snow R, Walker DWA maternal diet supplemented with creatine from mid-pregnancy protects the newborn spiny mouse brain from birth hypoxiaNeuroscience.(2011 Oct 27)
560.^El-Domyati M, Attia S, Saleh F, Brown D, Birk DE, Gasparro F, Ahmad H, Uitto JIntrinsic aging vs. photoaging: a comparative histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of skinExp Dermatol.(2002 Oct)
561.^Scharffetter-Kochanek K, Wlaschek M, Brenneisen P, Schauen M, Blaudschun R, Wenk JUV-induced reactive oxygen species in photocarcinogenesis and photoagingBiol Chem.(1997 Nov)
562.^Blatt T, Lenz H, Koop U, Jaspers S, Weber T, Mummert C, Wittern KP, Stäb F, Wenck HStimulation of skin’s energy metabolism provides multiple benefits for mature human skinBiofactors.(2005)
563.^Zwerschke W, Mazurek S, Stöckl P, Hütter E, Eigenbrodt E, Jansen-Dürr PMetabolic analysis of senescent human fibroblasts reveals a role for AMP in cellular senescenceBiochem J.(2003 Dec 1)
565.^Peirano RI, Achterberg V, Düsing HJ, Akhiani M, Koop U, Jaspers S, Krüger A, Schwengler H, Hamann T, Wenck H, Stäb F, Gallinat S, Blatt TDermal penetration of creatine from a face-care formulation containing creatine, guarana and glycerol is linked to effective antiwrinkle and antisagging efficacy in male subjectsJ Cosmet Dermatol.(2011 Dec)
566.^Lenz H, Schmidt M, Welge V, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Elsässer HP, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Blatt TThe creatine kinase system in human skin: protective effects of creatine against oxidative and UV damage in vitro and in vivoJ Invest Dermatol.(2005 Feb)
567.^Fischer F, Achterberg V, März A, Puschmann S, Rahn CD, Lutz V, Krüger A, Schwengler H, Jaspers S, Koop U, Blatt T, Wenck H, Gallinat SFolic acid and creatine improve the firmness of human skin in vivoJ Cosmet Dermatol.(2011 Mar)
568.^Knott A, Koop U, Mielke H, Reuschlein K, Peters N, Muhr GM, Lenz H, Wensorra U, Jaspers S, Kolbe L, Raschke T, Stäb F, Wenck H, Gallinat SA novel treatment option for photoaged skinJ Cosmet Dermatol.(2008 Mar)
569.^Mazzini L, Balzarini C, Colombo R, Mora G, Pastore I, De Ambrogio R, Caligari MEffects of creatine supplementation on exercise performance and muscular strength in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: preliminary resultsJ Neurol Sci.(2001 Oct 15)
570.^Drory VE, Gross DNo effect of creatine on respiratory distress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAmyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord.(2002 Mar)
571.^Tarnopolsky MA, Raha SMitochondrial myopathies: diagnosis, exercise intolerance, and treatment optionsMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2005 Dec)
572.^Tarnopolsky MACreatine as a therapeutic strategy for myopathiesAmino Acids.(2011 May)
574.^Tarnopolsky MA, Simon DK, Roy BD, Chorneyko K, Lowther SA, Johns DR, Sandhu JK, Li Y, Sikorska MAttenuation of free radical production and paracrystalline inclusions by creatine supplementation in a patient with a novel cytochrome b mutationMuscle Nerve.(2004 Apr)
575.^Barisic N, Bernert G, Ipsiroglu O, Stromberger C, Müller T, Gruber S, Prayer D, Moser E, Bittner RE, Stöckler-Ipsiroglu SEffects of oral creatine supplementation in a patient with MELAS phenotype and associated nephropathyNeuropediatrics.(2002 Jun)
576.^Borchert A, Wilichowski E, Hanefeld FSupplementation with creatine monohydrate in children with mitochondrial encephalomyopathiesMuscle Nerve.(1999 Sep)
577.^Komura K, Hobbiebrunken E, Wilichowski EK, Hanefeld FAEffectiveness of creatine monohydrate in mitochondrial encephalomyopathiesPediatr Neurol.(2003 Jan)
579.^Koenig M, Monaco AP, Kunkel LMThe complete sequence of dystrophin predicts a rod-shaped cytoskeletal proteinCell.(1988 Apr 22)
580.^Mendell JR, Moxley RT, Griggs RC, Brooke MH, Fenichel GM, Miller JP, King W, Signore L, Pandya S, Florence J, et alRandomized, double-blind six-month trial of prednisone in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophyN Engl J Med.(1989 Jun 15)
581.^Griggs RC, Moxley RT 3rd, Mendell JR, Fenichel GM, Brooke MH, Pestronk A, Miller JPPrednisone in Duchenne dystrophy. A randomized, controlled trial defining the time course and dose response. Clinical Investigation of Duchenne Dystrophy GroupArch Neurol.(1991 Apr)
582.^Felber S, Skladal D, Wyss M, Kremser C, Koller A, Sperl WOral creatine supplementation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a clinical and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy studyNeurol Res.(2000 Mar)
583.^Louis M, Lebacq J, Poortmans JR, Belpaire-Dethiou MC, Devogelaer JP, Van Hecke P, Goubel F, Francaux MBeneficial effects of creatine supplementation in dystrophic patientsMuscle Nerve.(2003 May)
584.^Tarnopolsky MA, Mahoney DJ, Vajsar J, Rodriguez C, Doherty TJ, Roy BD, Biggar DCreatine monohydrate enhances strength and body composition in Duchenne muscular dystrophyNeurology.(2004 May 25)
585.^Brook JD, McCurrach ME, Harley HG, Buckler AJ, Church D, Aburatani H, Hunter K, Stanton VP, Thirion JP, Hudson T, et alMolecular basis of myotonic dystrophy: expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3′ end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family memberCell.(1992 Feb 21)
586.^Liquori CL, Ricker K, Moseley ML, Jacobsen JF, Kress W, Naylor SL, Day JW, Ranum LPMyotonic dystrophy type 2 caused by a CCTG expansion in intron 1 of ZNF9Science.(2001 Aug 3)
587.^Damian MS, Gerlach A, Schmidt F, Lehmann E, Reichmann HModafinil for excessive daytime sleepiness in myotonic dystrophyNeurology.(2001 Mar 27)
589.^Walter MC, Reilich P, Lochmüller H, Kohnen R, Schlotter B, Hautmann H, Dunkl E, Pongratz D, Müller-Felber WCreatine monohydrate in myotonic dystrophy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studyJ Neurol.(2002 Dec)
591.^Schneider-Gold C, Beck M, Wessig C, George A, Kele H, Reiners K, Toyka KVCreatine monohydrate in DM2/PROMM: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Proximal myotonic myopathyNeurology.(2003 Feb 11)
593.^Tarnopolsky MA, Parshad A, Walzel B, Schlattner U, Wallimann TCreatine transporter and mitochondrial creatine kinase protein content in myopathiesMuscle Nerve.(2001 May)
594.^Robertshaw HA, Raha S, Kaczor JJ, Tarnopolsky MAIncreased PFK activity and GLUT4 protein content in McArdle’s diseaseMuscle Nerve.(2008 Apr)
596.^Vorgerd M, Grehl T, Jager M, Muller K, Freitag G, Patzold T, Bruns N, Fabian K, Tegenthoff M, Mortier W, Luttmann A, Zange J, Malin JPCreatine therapy in myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease): a placebo-controlled crossover trialArch Neurol.(2000 Jul)
597.^Vorgerd M, Zange J, Kley R, Grehl T, Hüsing A, Jäger M, Müller K, Schröder R, Mortier W, Fabian K, Malin JP, Luttmann AEffect of high-dose creatine therapy on symptoms of exercise intolerance in McArdle disease: double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studyArch Neurol.(2002 Jan)
598.^Andres RH, Huber AW, Schlattner U, Pérez-Bouza A, Krebs SH, Seiler RW, Wallimann T, Widmer HREffects of creatine treatment on the survival of dopaminergic neurons in cultured fetal ventral mesencephalic tissueNeuroscience.(2005)
599.^Morley JE, Argiles JM, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Cella D, Deutz NE, Doehner W, Fearon KC, Ferrucci L, Hellerstein MK, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lochs H, MacDonald N, Mulligan K, Muscaritoli M, Ponikowski P, Posthauer ME, Rossi Fanelli F, Schambelan M, Schols AM, Schuster MW, Anker SD; Society for Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Wasting DiseaseNutritional recommendations for the management of sarcopeniaJ Am Med Dir Assoc.(2010 Jul)
601.^Sakkas GK, Schambelan M, Mulligan KCan the use of creatine supplementation attenuate muscle loss in cachexia and wastingCurr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.(2009 Nov)
602.^Derave W, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel PNo effects of lifelong creatine supplementation on sarcopenia in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8)Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.(2005 Aug)
603.^Fuld JP, Kilduff LP, Neder JA, Pitsiladis Y, Lean ME, Ward SA, Cotton MMCreatine supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax.(2005 Jul)
604.^Deacon SJ, Vincent EE, Greenhaff PL, Fox J, Steiner MC, Singh SJ, Morgan MDRandomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med.(2008 Aug 1)
605.^Faager G, Söderlund K, Sköld CM, Rundgren S, Tollbäck A, Jakobsson PCreatine supplementation and physical training in patients with COPD: a double blind, placebo-controlled studyInt J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis.(2006)
606.^Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, Littlejohns PA self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George’s Respiratory QuestionnaireAm Rev Respir Dis.(1992 Jun)
607.^Kraguljac NV, Reid M, White D, Jones R, den Hollander J, Lowman D, Lahti ACNeurometabolites in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysisPsychiatry Res.(2012 Aug-Sep)
608.^Ongür D, Prescot AP, Jensen JE, Cohen BM, Renshaw PFCreatine abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorderPsychiatry Res.(2009 Apr 30)
609.^Segal M, Avital A, Drobot M, Lukanin A, Derevenski A, Sandbank S, Weizman ACK levels in unmedicated bipolar patientsEur Neuropsychopharmacol.(2007 Dec)
613.^Huang ZL, Qu WM, Eguchi N, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Fredholm BB, Urade Y, Hayaishi OAdenosine A2A, but not A1, receptors mediate the arousal effect of caffeineNat Neurosci.(2005 Jul)
614.^Vandenberghe K, Gillis N, Van Leemputte M, Van Hecke P, Vanstapel F, Hespel PCaffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loadingJ Appl Physiol.(1996 Feb)
615.^Hespel P, Op’t Eijnde B, Van Leemputte MOpposite actions of caffeine and creatine on muscle relaxation time in humansJ Appl Physiol.(2002 Feb)
616.^Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Roelofs EJ, Hirsch KR, Persky AM, Mock MGEffects of Coffee and Caffeine Anhydrous Intake During Creatine LoadingJ Strength Cond Res.(2016 May)
617.^Doherty M, Smith PM, Davison RC, Hughes MGCaffeine is ergogenic after supplementation of oral creatine monohydrateMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2002 Nov)
620.^Jówko E, Ostaszewski P, Jank M, Sacharuk J, Zieniewicz A, Wilczak J, Nissen SCreatine and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) additively increase lean body mass and muscle strength during a weight-training programNutrition.(2001 Jul-Aug)
622.^Du VIGNEAUD V, SIMMONDS S, et alA further investigation of the role of betaine in transmethylation reactions in vivoJ Biol Chem.(1946 Oct)
623.^del Favero S, Roschel H, Artioli G, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Costa A, Barroso R, Negrelli AL, Otaduy MC, da Costa Leite C, Lancha-Junior AH, Gualano BCreatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performanceAmino Acids.(2012 Jun)
624.^Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA, Candow DGEffect of alpha-lipoic acid combined with creatine monohydrate on human skeletal muscle creatine and phosphagen concentrationInt J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.(2003 Sep)
627.^Groeneveld GJ, Beijer C, Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Wokke JH, van den Berg LHFew adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trialInt J Sports Med.(2005 May)
628.^Greenwood M, Kreider RB, Melton C, Rasmussen C, Lancaster S, Cantler E, Milnor P, Almada ACreatine supplementation during college football training does not increase the incidence of cramping or injuryMol Cell Biochem.(2003 Feb)
629.^Lopez RM, Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Ganio MS, Armstrong LE, Maresh CMDoes creatine supplementation hinder exercise heat tolerance or hydration status? A systematic review with meta-analysesJ Athl Train.(2009 Mar-Apr)
630.^Shao A, Hathcock JNRisk assessment for creatine monohydrateRegul Toxicol Pharmacol.(2006 Aug)
631.^Bender A, Samtleben W, Elstner M, Klopstock TLong-term creatine supplementation is safe in aged patients with Parkinson diseaseNutr Res.(2008 Mar)
632.^Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, Grindstaff P, Plisk S, Reinardy J, Cantler E, Almada ALEffects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performanceMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1998 Jan)
633.^Kutz MR, Gunter MJCreatine monohydrate supplementation on body weight and percent body fatJ Strength Cond Res.(2003 Nov)
634.^Francaux M, Poortmans JREffects of training and creatine supplement on muscle strength and body massEur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.(1999 Jul)
635.^Bemben MG, Bemben DA, Loftiss DD, Knehans AWCreatine supplementation during resistance training in college football athletesMed Sci Sports Exerc.(2001 Oct)
636.^Rawson ES, Stec MJ, Frederickson SJ, Miles MPLow-dose creatine supplementation enhances fatigue resistance in the absence of weight gainNutrition.(2011 Apr)
637.^Heymsfield SB, Arteaga C, McManus C, Smith J, Moffitt SMeasurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine methodAm J Clin Nutr.(1983 Mar)
638.^Demant TW, Rhodes ECEffects of creatine supplementation on exercise performanceSports Med.(1999 Jul)
639.^Earnest CP, Snell PG, Rodriguez R, Almada AL, Mitchell TLThe effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body compositionActa Physiol Scand.(1995 Feb)
640.^Eliot KA, Knehans AW, Bemben DA, Witten MS, Carter J, Bemben MGThe effects of creatine and whey protein supplementation on body composition in men aged 48 to 72 years during resistance trainingJ Nutr Health Aging.(2008 Mar)
641.^Pritchard NR, Kalra PARenal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplementsLancet.(1998 Apr 25)
642.^Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EEInterstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatineN Engl J Med.(1999 Mar 11)
648.^Ronco C, Grammaticopoulos S, Rosner M, De Cal M, Soni S, Lentini P, Piccinni POliguria, creatinine and other biomarkers of acute kidney injuryContrib Nephrol.(2010)
649.^Udani S, Lazich I, Bakris GLEpidemiology of hypertensive kidney diseaseNat Rev Nephrol.(2011 Jan)
650.^Ropero-Miller JD, Paget-Wilkes H, Doering PL, Goldberger BAEffect of oral creatine supplementation on random urine creatinine, pH, and specific gravity measurementsClin Chem.(2000 Feb)
651.^Poortmans JR, Francaux MLong-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletesMed Sci Sports Exerc.(1999 Aug)
653.^Martin KJ, Vassallo CD, Teicher BA, Kaddurah-Daouk RMicrotubule stabilization and potentiation of taxol activity by the creatine analog cyclocreatinePLoS One.(1995 Jun)